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WRITER'S STYLE GUIDE
Updates
Georgia State University
Use the full name âGeorgia State Universityâ the first time you refer to the university. Upon second reference and thereafter, âGeorgia State,â âGSUâ or âthe universityâ are acceptable. Lowercase âuniversityâ when using it on second reference. Do not use âGSUâ in headlines or as page titles. âGSUâ is acceptable on first reference in social media and Athletics contexts.
Right:Â Georgia State University is in Atlanta. The university was established in 1913.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention â The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is based in Atlanta. Spell out on first reference. CDC is acceptable on second reference.
coronavirus â Lowercase.
COVID-19 ââŻWritten in all caps, COVID-19 is an initialism for coronavirus disease 2019.
variants â Lowercase the Greek letter names of coronavirus variants, such as delta, gamma and omicron.
SARS-CoV-2 â The name of the virus that causes COVID-19. Note the lowercase o.
Capitalize official names of degrees, such as Bachelor of Science in Nursing and Associate of Science in Health Sciences, but lowercase majors when referenced generally.
Right: Horton Hooper studied economics for a year before switching his major to pursue a Bachelor of Science in Public Policy.
Wrong: Malachai Mondragon (B.S. â21) majored in Criminal Justice and, after graduation, took a job on the Sandy Springs police force.
Use the more inclusive terms âfirst-year studentâ or âfirst-year applicant,â etc., to describe a student in or applying for entry to their initial year of study at Perimeter College or the Atlanta Campus. âFreshmanâ and âfreshmenâ are no longer used except when referencing Freshman Learning Communities.
It is permissible to use the shorter âfirst-yearâ as a noun on second reference.
Use First-Year in title case in headlines.
âUpperclassman/menâ and âunderclassman/menâ are no longer used.
Right: As a first-year, Harley Sweetwater enjoyed the opportunities downtown living afforded.
Itâs best to use âhealthcareâ as one word, unless âHealth Careâ is part of a proper noun.
Right: Sandra Sanchez (B.S.N. â13) has worked in healthcare for nearly a decade.
Right: Childrenâs Healthcare of Atlanta
Avoid the use of "his or her" in university communications. Instead use the neutral, inclusive term "their" when writing about unnamed individuals within a group.
Right: The primary purpose of the PantherCard is to identify the student, staff or faculty member and their association with Georgia State.
Wrong: The primary purpose of the PantherCard is to identify the student, staff or faculty member and his or her association with Georgia State.
The Honors College is one of Georgia State's 12 colleges and schools. Capitalize "Honors" when referring to the Honors College, Honors courses, Honors students and Honors programs.
Lowercase âhonorsâ when referring to general academic honors, such as magna cum laude and summa cum laude.Â
Lowercase "internet" except in reference to the "Internet of Things," which can be abbreviated "IoT" on second reference. Internet of Things, however, should generally be avoided unless defined in the story. Use instead phrases such as "smart devices" and "internet-connected devices."
Use the abbreviation âNo.â before a numeral when writing about rankings. If a ranking works best with words like âmostâ or âbest,â you may use ordinal numbers instead, such as âthird best undergraduate teaching.â Reserve the pound symbol (#) for social media hashtags.Â
Right: Georgia State was ranked No. 1 by U.S. News & World Report for its unusually strong commitment to undergraduate teaching.
Right: Weâre doing things #TheStateWay!
Wrong: Weâre being recognized as the #2 most-innovative university in the country!
To indicate a duration of time (when listing office hours or creating a meeting agenda, for example), use a hyphen or endash between the start and end times, and follow the time guidelines here. Spaces on each side of the hyphen or endash can improve readability.
Indicate âa.m.â or âp.m.â with lowercase letters followed by periods. When writing a time that falls on the hour, state only the hour before âa.m.â or âp.m.â (Donât use â:00.â)
If an event occurs solely in the morning hours, or solely in the afternoon or evening hours, specify âa.m.â or âp.m.â only after the end time. If an event begins in the morning and ends in the afternoon, follow the start time with âa.m.â and the end time with âp.m.â
Use ânoonâ and âmidnightâ instead of â12 p.m.â and â12 a.m.â
For virtual events that may have a non-local audience, specify the time zone in force in the zone referenced by the clock time. Abbreviations EST and EDT, etc., are acceptable for all time zones used in the continental U.S., Canada and Mexico.
Time zone abbreviations should be placed immediately after the clock time: 9 a.m. EST, 5:15 p.m. EDT. Do not set time zone abbreviations off with commas or parentheses.
Right:
9 â 9:45 a.m.
Introduction to the conference
9:45Â â 10:45 a.m.
Opening address: Mamphela Ramphele
10:45 a.m. â 12:15 p.m.
Academic Panel I
12:15 â 1:30 p.m.
Lunch
1:30 â 3 p.m.
Academic Panel II
3 â 4 p.m.
Highlighted Event: Writers of full-length books on Magona
4 â 4:15 p.m.
Break
4:15 â 6 p.m.
Creative Event: Viewing of âMother to Mother,â the documentary.
Wrong:
9:00 â 10:00 a.m.
Opening Statements
10:15 AM â 11 AM
Panel discussion on the future of robotics
12 â 1 P.M.
Lunch
1:15 p.m. â 1:30 p.m.
Introduction of Speaker
1:30â2 PM.
Keynote Address
2 â 2:30
Closing Remarks
3 PM â 5 PM
Reception
Lowercase "website" unless it begins a sentence or title case would dictate it be capitalized in a headline.
University Identity
The Georgia State logo is a unit composed of two parts:
- the university name in specially modified type treatments (logotype)
- a graphic mark (flame)
The two parts of the logo â the mark and logotype â are always used together. Neither the mark nor the logotype may be manipulated or changed.
The graphic mark is an abstract representation of the letters âGâ and âS.â Its purpose is not to represent the schoolâs initials literally, but to function as a strong visual symbol that is easily recognized, remembered and associated with Georgia State University.
The mark supports further symbolism. For example, the flame-like aspect can represent both the traditional flame of knowledge as well as the mythical phoenix, the symbol of Atlantaâs postâCivil War rebirth.
The Georgia State University logo is a registered trademark protected by federal law and should always have the registered trademark symbol Ÿ with it. Employees of the university may request the logo from Public Relations & Marketing Communications. For more details, contact Renata Irving, director of creative services, at 404-413-1363 or [email protected].
When you refer to the universityâs marketing and identity campaign in a sentence or hashtag, capitalize every word.
Right:Â Weâre graduating students The State Way.
Right:Â Weâre graduating students #TheStateWay.
Spell out and use lowercase when referring generally to associate degrees, bachelorâs degrees, masterâs degrees, doctorâs degrees or doctorates. (Note: You can receive a doctorate or a doctorâs degree but not a doctoral degree.)
Capitalize official names of degrees, such as "Bachelor of Science in Nursing" and "Associate of Science in Health Sciences," but lowercase majors when referenced generally.
Avoid using degree abbreviations in text unless you are describing the credentials of specific alumni. To abbreviate, capitalize each letter and follow it with a period: B.A., B.F.A., B.I.S., J.D., M.P.H., M.S., M.S.W., M.S.I.A. and so on. There are exceptions, such as LL.M., MBA, M.Ed. and Ph.D.
Right:Â Two years after earning an associate of arts degree through Perimeter College, he graduated from the Atlanta Campus with a bachelorâs degree in education.
Right:Â She received a Master of Science in Biology.
Right:Â We awarded 99 doctorâs, 150 masterâs and 900 bachelorâs degrees.
Right:Â He earned a Bachelor of Music degree.
Wrong:Â She has a B.F.A. in creative writing.
Wrong:Â He earned a bachelorâs of anthropology.
To indicate degrees earned by alumni, follow a personâs name with parentheses containing the degree abbreviation and the last two digits of the year of graduation. Precede the last two digits of the year with an apostrophe, which â to be an apostrophe â must point down and to the left. Do not place a comma between the year and the degree.
Right:Â Former state Sen. David Adelman (M.P.A. â95) served as the United States Ambassador to Singapore from 2010 to 2013.
Right:Â Brian Egan (B.F.A. â12) oversees programming at the Mammal Gallery, an arts and performance facility.
Wrong:Â Ignatius Blubberstock (Ph.D. â99) has published his fourth book.
If a person has received more than one degree from Georgia State, name each in chronological order, and separate them with commas.
Right:Â Randy Patterson (B.B.A. â98, MBA â01) is vice president of human resources at Recall, a records management company.
Right:Â Joyce Mitchell (B.A. â08, M.A. â10)
While Georgia State offers more than 250 bachelorâs, masterâs and doctorâs degree âprogramsâ at the Atlanta Campus, it offers more than 30 âpathwaysâ or âacademic pathwaysâ through Perimeter College. Do not use the word âprogramâ to refer to associate degree coursework at Perimeter College.
Use âDr.â in first reference as a formal title before the name of a person who holds a doctor of medicine degree (M.D.), doctor of osteopathy degree (D.O.) or any other terminal medical practice degree. In some circumstances, you may also use âDr.â in first reference to describe academic scholars with other types of doctorates. However, this practice is not preferred and should usually be avoided.
The preferred way to describe a person with a doctorâs degree (whether Ph.D., Th.D, D.P.T. or anything else) is to say he or she holds a âdoctorateâ or âdoctorâs degreeâ in the name of his or her field of specialty.
Do not precede a name with a title of an academic degree (âDr.â) and follow it with the abbreviation for that degree (âPh.D.â). Do not use âDr.â before the names of individuals who hold honorary degrees only. References to honorary degrees must specify the degree was honorary.
Right: Dr. William Keeling directs the cardiothoracic surgery program at Grady Memorial Hospital.
Right: Carl V. Patton, Ph.D., was president of Georgia State University between 1992 and 2008.
Right: Tim Renick earned a doctorate in religion from Princeton University.
OK: Dr. Wayne Erickson, the beloved Spenser scholar in the English Department, retired in 2010.
Wrong: Dr. Carl V. Patton, Ph.D., was president of Georgia State University between 1992 and 2008.
Spell out and capitalize formal street names, but use lowercase when youâre referring to more than one in a phrase or are using general, unspecified street words. Spell out and capitalize numbered streets First through Ninth.
Right: Peachtree Center Avenue used to be called Ivy Street.
Right: Enter Hurt Park at the corner of Courtland and Gilmer streets.
Right: Cobblestone streets surround the hotel.
Wrong: There is a lot of student housing at the corner of Piedmont and John Wesley Dobbs Avenues.
Use the abbreviations âAve.,â âBlvd.â and âSt.â every time you can include a numbered address, but never use them without a number.
Right: Send mail to 100 Auburn Ave. NE.
Right: The president lives on Pennsylvania Avenue.
Wrong: Gordon St. and Butler St. were renamed Ralph David Abernathy Blvd. and Jesse Hill Jr. Dr.
While many cities use directional prefixes, Atlanta uses directional suffixes, and no city of Atlanta postal address is complete without one. For example, there is no such thing as â30 Courtland St.â or â75 Piedmont Ave.â or â55 Boulevard.â
There are two potential locations for each of these incomplete addresses: 30 Courtland St. NE and 30 Courtland St. SE, 75 Piedmont Ave. NE and 75 Piedmont Ave. SE, and 55 Boulevard NE and 55 Boulevard SE. Each of these complete addresses is blocks away from its counterpart in the adjacent quadrant. In another example, Grant Street SE in Grant Park has no relation to Grant Street SW in Sylvan Hills. They are different streets that never connect, and 531 Grant St. SE is more than four miles from 531 Grant St. SW. An Atlanta address missing its quadrant can also end of up referring to another city. For instance, without a directional suffix, â363 North Ave.â is in Hapeville, not Atlanta.
Without the correct directional suffix, readers can and will end up lost trying to find locations in the wrong quadrant of the city, and the post office will either return mail to the sender or deliver mail to unintended recipients. Publishing addresses without directional suffixes can cause readers to visit and send materials to places that do not exist.
Note: If you do not have a numbered address and are referring to a street in general terms, you do not need to specify a quadrant. Do not punctuate abbreviations of directional suffixes with periods.
Right: Instead of sharing the same 100 block, the Student Recreation Center at 101 Piedmont Ave. SE is five blocks away from the University Commons at 141 Piedmont Ave. NE.
Right: The Welcome Center operates out of the first floor of Centennial Hall at 100 Auburn Ave. NE.
Right: The university is planning to build a large, multiuse facility at the corner of Fulton Street and Capitol Avenue.
Wrong: Georgia Stateâs main address is 33 Gilmer St.
Wrong: Visit 75 Piedmont Ave. for both University Housing and the Counseling Center.
Wrong: 80 Forsyth St.
Wrong: 34 Peachtree Street
Georgia State University has six campuses where students can take classes: the Atlanta Campus, Alpharetta Campus, Clarkston Campus, Decatur Campus, Dunwoody Campus and Newton Campus.
The J. Mack Robinson College of Business provides services for graduate students in the Georgia State Buckhead Center in Atlanta. Because the university only occupies seven floors in a high-rise, Buckhead Center is not considered a campus and should never be counted among them. However, it may be listed among the universityâs physical locations, which include the six campuses. Do not use the words âcampusâ and âlocationâ interchangeably.
You should refer to every campus as belonging to the university (âGeorgia Stateâs Decatur Campusâ). However, it is permissible â especially in internal communications â to refer to the Alpharetta, Clarkston, Decatur, Dunwoody and Newton campuses as âPerimeter College campuses.â
Proper names of buildings, such as âPiedmont Centralâ and âStudent Center East,â should be capitalized. Terms such as ânorth wingâ and ânew residence hallâ should not be capitalized unless they are used in the title of the building.
Some parts of the Atlanta Campus have confusing names. Make sure you refer to buildings and facilities correctly and consistently. We present here a few commonly misused building and facility names. However, if youâre ever unsure, consult the list of buildings maintained by Facilities Management Services for the latest, official information.
Ernest G. Welch School of Art & Design Gallery
Though this facility comprises two separate galleries, its name is the âErnest G. Welch School of Art & Design Gallery.â On second reference, it may be called the âWelch School Gallery.â Donât use âGalleries,â and donât call it the âWelch Galleryâ or the âGeorgia State University School of Art & Design Gallery.â
One Park Place
âOne Park Placeâ is the name of the building. It isnât the buildingâs mailing address. â1 Park Place SEâ is the buildingâs mailing address. It isnât the buildingâs name. â1 Park Placeâ is neither the name of the building nor its mailing address.
Right:Â Public Relations & Marketing Communications moved from One Park Place to Centennial Hall.
Right:Â Visit the School of Public Health at 1 Park Place SE.
Wrong:Â One Park Place
Atlanta, GA 30303
Speakerâs Auditorium
The auditorium in Student Center East has only one name.
Right:Â The talk will be held in the Speakerâs Auditorium
Wrong:Â The Speakers Auditorium is host to many of the universityâs best attractions.
Wrong:Â The Speakersâ Auditorium seats 425 people.
University Bookstore and University Bookstore Building
The University Bookstore has only one name and is found inside the University Bookstore Building (not Student Center West, which is immediately adjacent to it).
Right:Â University Bookstore
Wrong:Â GSU Campus Store
When referencing the floor of a building in body copy, follow standard AP rules for spelling out ordinal numbers under 10. In a mailing address, always use the numeral. Do not capitalize the word âfloorâ in either case.
Right:Â The board met on the ninth floor of Langdale Hall.
Right:Â The English Department moved to the 23rd floor of 25 Park Place.
Right:Â 100 Auburn Ave. NE
4th floor
Wrong:Â 34 Broad St. NW
Seventh floor
A room number is not a mailing address and should not be written like one. For example, â200 Sparks Hallâ does not correspond to â200 Woodward Ave. SE,â and formatting them both the same way may lead to confusion, especially with readers unfamiliar with our campuses.
Instead, in body copy, place the room or suite location in lowercase after the name of the building, and separate them with a comma. In mailing addresses and headings, either capitalize the room or suite location and place it on the next line or, to keep everything on one line, use a comma after the building name followed by the capitalized room name and number.
Right: For assistance, visit the Enrollment Services Center in Sparks Hall, room 227.
Right: Contact the Cooperative Education & Internship Office in Dahlberg Hall, suite 134.
Right: Aderhold Learning Center, Room 023
Right: Centennial Hall, Suite 200
Right: New Student Orientation
Student Center East
55 Gilmer St. SE
Suite 304
Atlanta, GA 30303
Wrong: 260 Student Center West, Sparks Hall 200
Wrong: Consult an adviser at the Office of Academic Assistance in Langdale Hall Suite 418.
Georgia Stateâs centers, colleges, departments, divisions, institutes, offices, schools and units do not adhere to a strict naming system. Nevertheless, this rough guide can help you understand the different words we use to talk about the universityâs many components.
âCollegesâ and âschoolsâ can be synonymous: The J. Mack Robinson College of Business and the Andrew Young School of Policy Studies are both technically colleges of equal authority and rank.
This is no strict rule, however, because schools can also be housed within colleges or even other schools. The School of Music and the Ernest G. Welch School of Art & Design, for example, are part of the College of the Arts, the School of Nursing is part of the Byrdine F. Lewis College of Nursing & Health Professions and the School of Social Work operates within the Andrew Young School of Policy Studies.
When used in an academic context, âinstitutesâ and âcentersâ often have similar purposes and engage in similar activities, but only institutes, such as the Institute for Biomedical Sciences, can offer degree programs. Centers, such as the Center for State & Local Finance, cannot. Note that institutes do not have to offer degree programs to be institutes. They have to be able to offer them.
âDivisionâ can be particularly tricky. In general, âdivisionâ designates an administrative area or group of administrative departments (sometimes called âofficesâ) overseen by a vice president. Andrea Jones is the vice president of Public Relations & Marketing Communications, which contains the department of Creative Services. Likewise, as vice president for Student Engagement, Michael L. Sanseviro oversees the division of Student Health and Wellness, which houses Recreational Services.
At the same time, âdivisionâ can also refer to a group of academic departments within a college. The College of Arts & Sciences divides its 23 departments and degree-granting institutes into three divisions: Humanities, Natural and Computational Sciences, and Social and Behavioral Sciences. The division of Facilities Management Services, overseen by a vice president, is itself part of the division of Finance & Administration, overseen by a senior vice president. These examples are exceptions to the rule, however.
âUnitâ is usually reserved for budgetary purposes but can also be synonymous with âdepartment,â whether academic (Department of English) or administrative (Campus Services).
For capitalization rules, see Departments, Divisions and Offices.
Georgia State is composed of 12 colleges and schools: the Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Byrdine F. Lewis College of Nursing & Health Professions, College of the Arts, College of Arts & Sciences, College of Education & Human Development, College of Law, Honors College, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, J. Mack Robinson College of Business, Perimeter College, School of Public Health and The Graduate School.
Note: While not technically a college or school, the Institute for Biomedical Sciences, the universityâs only degree-granting institute, is counted as one and should always be listed among the rest.
You may describe a collegeâs relationship to the university in three ways, depending on context and personal preference: â[the] [college] at Georgia State Universityâ (with or without the definite article as appropriate), âGeorgia State Universityâs [college]â or âthe Georgia State University [college].â Never use slashes, colons, commas or dashes.
Note: While all three methods are appropriate for every college, the preferred name for Perimeter College is âGeorgia State Universityâs Perimeter Collegeâ for first reference and âPerimeter Collegeâ thereafter.
Right:Â The Andrew Young School of Policy Studies at Georgia State University
Right:Â Georgia State Universityâs College of Arts & Sciences
Right:Â The Georgia State University School of Public Health
Three colleges in particular may go by abbreviated names, especially in internal communications: âthe Andrew Young School,â âthe Lewis Collegeâ and âRobinson.â You may use these abbreviations upon second reference.
At the same time, four colleges in particular may use acronyms and initialisms, especially in internal communications: âAYSâ or âAYSPSâ for the Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, âCASâ for the College of Arts & Sciences, âCEHDâ for the College of Education & Human Development and âRCBâ for the J. Mack Robinson College of Business. The context will determine if these are appropriate. If they will help you avoid clumsy repetition and save space, use them as long as you spell out the full name of the college in first reference and immediately follow the full name by the acronym in parentheses. See Acronyms and Initialisms for more information.
Capitalize the names of departments. If youâre writing about an administrative department, either omit or lowercase the word âdepartment.â If youâre writing about an academic department, retain and capitalize the word âdepartment.â Capitalize the names of divisions and offices as well while omitting the words âdivisionâ and âofficeâ whenever possible. If you need these words, place them either before or after the proper name in lowercase. Always use lowercase for the words âdepartment,â âdivisionâ and âofficeâ when they stand alone.
Right: Contact the Financial Aid office for more information.
Right: Contact Financial Aid for more information.
Right: The Department of Astronomy hosts weekly viewing nights on university telescopes.
Right: Budget & Planning is on the fourth floor of Sparks Hall.
Right: Sheâs been with the department for three years.
Right: Public Relations & Marketing Communications oversees the universityâs website.
Right: The division of Public Relations & Marketing Communications relocated to Centennial Hall.
Wrong: Contact the Office of Financial Aid for more information.
Wrong: The Division will release its report.
Capitalize the field only when it refers to a specific department, division or office. Otherwise, use lowercase.
Right: Sheâs trying to get more experience working in student affairs.
Right: Student Affairs oversees Recreational Services. (The division of Student Affairs oversees the department of Recreational Services.)
Right: The Department of English redesigned its website.
Right: After majoring in physics, she started working for the Physics & Astronomy Department.
Capitalize the formal names of centers, such as the Fiscal Research Center or the University Advisement Center, and institutes, such as the Neuroscience Institute, but lowercase âcenterâ and âinstituteâ when used alone. Upon second reference, it is not necessary to use the complete name.
Right:Â The Institute of International Business hosts seminars.
Right:Â The institiute will welcome dozens of affiliates.
Right:Â The Student Recreation Center opened in 1996.
Right:Â The Andrew Young School houses 12 research centers.
An acronym is a series of letters taken from a set of words that is pronounced as a word (for example, âNATOâ for the North American Trade Organization). An initialism is a series of letters taken from a set of words where each letter is pronounced individually (for example, âDEAâ for the Drug Enforcement Agency).
Using acronyms and initialisms can quicken your pacing and help you avoid repetition of long phrases. In nearly every case, however, you should spell out the full name, title or phrase the first time you refer to it in text, followed immediately by the acronym or initialism in parentheses.
You should then use the acronym or initialism for each subsequent use. If your text contains only one reference, spell out the full name, and do not note the acronym or initialism in parentheses. For the sake of brevity, headlines may use common but unidentified acronyms and initialisms, but make sure to spell out the full term upon first reference in text.
These conventions arenât always appropriate, however. If the next appearance of an uncommon acronym or initialism comes much later in the piece â such that no reader could be expected to remember it â itâs often best to spell it out again. At the same time, a few acronyms and initialisms are more commonly understood than the full titles they represent (such as HIV and NCAA), and spelling out their meanings can clog up the flow of a pleasant sentence.
Right: The National Institutes of Health (NIH) awarded the grant to the research group. The NIH funded only three such centers in the nation.
OK: Although she won a prized internship at NASA, she couldnât afford the move to Houston.
Wrong: URSAâs five-year research project is funded by the ARL.
In most nonacademic writing, contractions convey a more conversational tone, making your text easier to read. Unless a more formal construction helps emphasize the meaning of a sentence or phrase, use contractions consistently.
Youâll notice weâve used contractions frequently in this publication, except for points of emphasis, as in âdo notâ instead of âdonât.â
Spell out the names of the 50 United States when they stand alone in text.
Right:Â Most students come from Georgia.
Wrong:Â We have 50 Students from Fla.
When referencing a city and a state together, do not use postal abbreviations in your text. Use the following AP abbreviations. Note that some states must always be spelled out.
Ala. | Hawaii | Mass. | N.M. | S.D. |
Alaska | Idaho | Mich. | N.Y. | Tenn. |
Ariz. | Ill. | Minn. | N.C. | Texas |
Ark. | Ind. | Miss. | N.D. | Utah |
Calif. | Iowa | Mo. | Ohio | Vt. |
Colo. | Kan. | Mont. | Okla. | Va. |
Conn. | Ky. | Neb. | Ore. | Wash. |
Del. | La. | Nev. | Pa. | W.Va. |
Fla. | Maine | N.H. | R.I. | Wis. |
Ga. | Md. | N.J. | S.C. | Wyo. |
Right:Â The conference is in Macon, Ga.
Wrong:Â The conference is in Macon, GA.
Use âWashington, D.C.â Donât abbreviate to âD.C.â or, worse, âDC.â
Do not use states with these U.S. cities:
Atlanta | Detroit | Minneapolis | San Antonio |
Baltimore | Honolulu | New Orleans | San Diego |
Boston | Houston | New York City | San Francisco |
Chicago | Indianapolis | Oklahoma City | Seattle |
Cincinnati | Las Vegas | Philadelphia | St. Louis |
Cleveland | Los Angeles | Phoenix | |
Dallas | Miami | Pittsburgh | |
Denver | Milwaukee | Salt Like City |
You must specify a cityâs state on first reference, but you may drop it in subsequent references.
Always spell out a state name if itâs part of a title or name, such as âThe Georgia Department of Education.â
For more information, see City, County and State under Capitalization and City, State in the Punctuation Primer.
âUnited Statesâ is best, but frequent repetition or spatial constraints can necessitate âU.S.â on occasion. Avoid âUSAâ and âAmerica,â and stay consistent.
Capitalization
Use lowercase: associate degree, associate of arts degree, bachelorâs degree, bachelor of interdisciplinary studies degree, masterâs degree, master of science degree in chemistry, doctorâs degree, doctorate. For more information, see Academic Degrees and Programs under University Identity.
Use lowercase and periods for âa.m.â and âp.m.â For more details, see Time.
Use lowercase for generic references to sports and athletics, and capitalize to refer to Georgia Stateâs department of Intercollegiate Athletics. You may also refer to the department as âGeorgia State Athletics.â
Right: The president wanted the university to excel in athletics.
Right: Many Athletics offices have moved to Center Parc Stadium.
For first reference, use âBoard of Regents of the University System of Georgia.â For second reference, either shorten to âBoard of Regentsâ or use âboardâ or âregentsâ in lowercase. Capitalize a regentâs title only when used before the name.
Right: He is a member of the Board of Regents of the University System of Georgia.
Right: The Board of Regents will meet tomorrow.
Right: The board met at 9 a.m.
Right: She is a regent.
Right: An Atlanta native and Pace Academy graduate, Regent Sarah-Elizabeth Langford also sits on the board of the Childrenâs Museum of Atlanta.
Wrong: The board of regents will meet tomorrow.
Capitalize the word âcityâ when it occurs in the name of a municipality, such as âNew York Cityâ or âDodge City.â If youâre placing âthe city ofâ before the name of a city, such as âthe city of Oakland,â lowercase âcityâ to refer to the town itself, but capitalize it to refer to the city government.
Right: Panic spread throughout the city of Pittsburgh.
Right: She used to work for the City of Nashville.
Right: Following the federal subpoena, the City of Atlanta released 1.5 million pages of records.
Use lowercase when you refer to classes unless you use the specific, complete course title or unless the course title contains a numeral or proper noun.
Right: I had a class in engineering management.
Right: Iâm taking English 1101.
Right: Iâm taking biology, Advanced Shakespeare and calculus.
Lowercase âcommencementâ when used generically in text. Capitalize it to refer to a specific event, such as the â104th Commencementâ or â2020 Spring Commencement.â Avoid âcommencement ceremonyâ or âcommencement ceremonies,â which are redundant. Instead, use âcommencementâ or âcommencements.â
Right: The new Convocation Center will host commencement, public events and Panthersâ basketball.
Right: The multiuse facility will provide much-needed indoor space for the universityâs commencements.
Right: Georgia Stateâs 105th Commencement will be held at the Georgia World Congress Center.
Capitalize the formal names of groups and committees, such as Administrative Council and Planning & Development Committee. Lowercase âcommitteeâ or âcouncilâ when they stand alone.
Because the word âcountyâ is part of every county name, it must be capitalized in those names. Lowercase âcountyâ when youâre using it outside of a proper name.
Right: The researchers announced a partnership with DeKalb County.
Right: We need approval from the county before we can proceed.
Always use lowercase: deanâs list, president's list.
Capitalize the names of departments. If youâre writing about an administrative department, either omit or lowercase the word âdepartment.â If youâre writing about an academic department, retain and capitalize the word âdepartment.â Capitalize the names of divisions and offices as well while omitting the words âdivisionâ and âofficeâ whenever possible. If you need these words, place them either before or after the proper name in lowercase. Always use lowercase for the words âdepartment,â âdivisionâ and âofficeâ when they stand alone. For more information, see Departments, Divisions and Offices in University Identity.
Use lowercase for general sections of a city, but capitalize proper names of neighborhoods. Lowercase âdowntownâ to indicate a large, nonspecific area near a city center, but capitalize it to refer to a specific neighborhood of that name.
In Atlanta, for instance, âDowntownâ is the proper name of the neighborhood roughly bordered by North Avenue, Piedmont Avenue, Memorial Drive, Ted Turner Drive, Martin Luther King Jr. Drive and Northside Drive.
Right: Traffic is a problem throughout downtown.
Right: Residents of Downtown are fighting the casino development.
Right: Hellâs Kitchen has undergone extensive gentrification since the early 1990s.
Right: The university is expanding into Old Fourth Ward and Summerhill.
Use lowercase when the word âfaxâ appears in a sentence. If youâre providing a fax number on your business card or in a listing, itâs OK to use an initial capital.
Right:Â Email or fax me the information.
Right:Â College of Arts & Sciences
Phone: 404-413-5114
Fax: 404-413-5117
Use lowercase when the word âfederalâ is an adjective and not does appear in the proper name of a government agency: federal court, the federal government, the Federal Bureau of Prisons.
Use title case in all headlines, which means capitalize the first, last and all major words, excepting articles, and prepositions and conjunctions of three letters or fewer.
Use lowercase for âhomecomingâ when used generically in text. You may capitalize it when itâs used in a title to refer to a specific event.
Right: Dating back to 1916, homecoming is the universityâs longest-running on-campus tradition.
Right: The alumni enjoyed attending Homecoming 2019.
Lowercase and italicize cum laude, magna cum laude and summa cum laude.
Capitalize both parts of a hyphenated word.
Right: âTwentieth-Century Poets in South Americaâ
Right: âCity-States in 19th-Century Europeâ
Right: âGreat Examples of Self-Controlâ
Right: âThe Star-Spangled Bannerâ
Capitalize names of races (African American, Caucasian, Asian, Native American). Capitalize âBlackâ but do not capitalize âwhiteâ when referring to race. For more information, see Races and Ethnicities under Sensitivities.
The names of regions are capitalized when they stand alone and are widely understood to designate a specific geographic area.
Right: southeast Atlanta, western Georgia, east coast of Florida, midwestern United States, southern Tennessee
Right: West Coast, Midwest, South, South Pacific
Right: West Texas, Piedmont, Middle Georgia
Use lowercase when these words stand alone. Capitalize them only when theyâre used in a title or as part of a formal name.
Right:Â fall semester, summer program
Right:Â The program started in fall 2012.
Right:Â The Spring Fling will be repeated this year.
With the exception of âMaymester,â do not capitalize the names of semesters in text.
Georgia State uses these semester titles: fall, spring, summer, Maymester (always capitalize) and mini-mester.
Right: Pantherpalooza takes place during the spring semester.
Right: Homecoming occurs in the fall semester.
Capitalize âSocial Security,â but lowercase ânumber.â Capitalize references to the Social Security Administration.
Right:Â Fill in your name and Social Security number.
Right:Â The forms will be forwarded to Social Security.
If youâre placing âthe state ofâ before the name of a state, such as âthe state of Georgia,â lowercase âstateâ to refer to the territory, but capitalize it to refer to the state government. For more information, see States under University Identity.
Right: Invasive weeds have spread throughout the state of Montana.
Right: Several citizens have sued the State of Georgia over the new law.
Capitalize class designations, but do not capitalize âfirst-year,â âsophomore,â âjunior,â âsenior,â âpostdoctoral fellowâ or âgraduate student.â
Right: She graduated as a member of the Class of 2019.
Right: Heâs a senior engineering major.
A personâs title is capitalized only when used before their name. When using a capitalized title immediately before the name, try to keep it short. Do not capitalize an occupational designation, only a true title.
Right: We met President Becker. The president will speak at the dinner.
Right: Now that Vice President for Student Affairs Douglass Covey is returning to the faculty, Allison Calhoun-Brown has been appointed to a new position, vice president for student engagement and programs, and will assume his responsibilities.
Right: Our speaker will be primatologist Jane Goodall.
Titles following a personâs name should appear in lowercase. Use lowercase when a title is used alone.
Right:Â The president of Georgia State University will address the group.
Right:Â Timothy Renick, the founding executive director of the National Institute for Student Success, will host the reception.
Do not capitalize âprofessor,â âassociate professorâ or âassistant professor,â whether used alone or before a personâs name, unless they are the first words in a sentence. In titles, the term âprofessorâ is used very specifically. The word should only refer to people who have official status as full professors. Otherwise, use the correct title of âassistant professor,â âassociate professor,â âsenior instructorâ and so on.
Right: Contact Jennifer McCoy, professor of political science.
Right: Contact Associate Professor Jonathan Walker in the Department of English.
Capitalize the official names of honorary chairs and university professorships. Use âtheâ to introduce named professorships.
Right: Renowned public finance and education policy expert Ross Rubenstein joined the Andrew Young School of Policy Studies in 2015 to assume the Dan E. Sweat Distinguished Chair in Educational and Community Policy.
Right: Regentsâ Professor Teryl Frey has received a Fulbright Scholarship.
Right: Distinguished University Professor Stephen Dobranski is known for his hatred of mayonnaise.
When used before an individualâs name, use the title abbreviations âGov.,â âRep.â and âthe Rev.â
Right: Gov. Brian Kemp, Rep. John Lewis and the Rev. Felix Hightower will speak at the assembly.
Right: The governor feels threatened by the reverend.
Wrong: Governor Kemp, Representative Lewis and Rev. Miller will address the crowd.
Capitalize âUniversity System of Georgia.â
Right:Â The University System of Georgia comprises 26 colleges and universities.
Dates, Numbers and Time
When a month is used with a specific date, use it this way:
Jan. 1
March 1
May 1
July 1
Sept. 1
Nov. 1
Feb. 1
April 1
June 1
Aug. 1
Oct. 1
Dec. 1
Spell out the name of the month when using it alone or with a year. When using a month and a year together, do not separate them with commas. When a phrase contains a month, date and year, follow the date and the year with commas. See Ranges for day and date ranges.
Right:Â January 2012
Right:Â Jan. 24
Right:Â He was born Jan. 13, 2012, in Macon, Ga.
Do not use the word âonâ before a month and date or day of the week when its absence would not lead to confusion. Using âinâ before a month is optional.
Right:Â The meeting will be held Monday.
Right:Â He will be inaugurated Feb. 22.
Right:Â The program ends in December.
Right:Â The program ends December 2017.
Do not use ordinal suffixes with dates.
Right:Â Oct. 14
Wrong:Â Oct. 14th
Use an âsâ without an apostrophe after a year to indicate a decade. Neither spell out decades, nor abbreviate them to their last two digits. You may use an apostrophe (always pointing down and to the left) only before class years and alumni degrees to indicate the first two numbers of the year are omitted. See Alumni for more information.
Right: The university was formed in the 1910s.
Right: Duane belonged to the Class of 1924.
Right: Shannon graduated with the Class of â03.
Wrong: The â60s were famous for hippies and the peace movement.
Wrong: the fourties, the Sixties
An apostrophe after the year is needed to indicate possession.
Right:Â The presidential election was 1980âs biggest news story.
Spell out fractions less than one, using hyphens between words and no spaces. Use numerals for precise amounts larger than one, converting to decimals when appropriate.
Right:Â one-half, two-thirds
Right:Â 3.8 miles
Right:Â one and a half gallons
Use the appropriate currency symbol and numerals. Do not use a decimal and two zeros for whole dollar amounts.
Right:Â $150
Right:Â $150.25
Wrong:Â $150.00
For dollar amounts beyond thousands, use the dollar sign, number and appropriate word.
Right:Â $4 million
Wrong:Â $4,000,000
Spell out numbers zero through nine. Use numerals for all numbers 10 and above. Superscripts for ordinal suffixes are optional. Use whatever looks best, and stay consistent. Exceptions are noted below.
Right: nine poodles, four rooms, 16 buildings
Right: 15th highest, 21st Street, Sixth Avenue
Right: He teaches ninth grade and acts like a ninth-grader.
Use numerals for ages, percentages, equipment specifications, precise measurements, page numbers and sums of money (when using the symbol â$â).
Right: She has a 2-year-old daughter and a son, 8.
Right: 8 milligrams, 4 degrees below zero
Right: 3-point shot, the 6-foot-4-inch guard
Right: According to the chart on page 4, nearly half of the elementary-age children in Georgia receive a $5 weekly allowance.
For numbers of more than three digits, use a comma after every third digit from right to left.
Right:Â $1,000
Right:Â Piedmont Central will provide housing for 1,100 students.
Wrong:Â $1000
For numbers beyond thousands, use figures with million, billion and trillion.
Right: Nearly 3 million people live in Chicago.
Right: Apple sold more than 590 million iPhones between 2007 and 2014.
Wrong: According to the United States Department of Agriculture, an estimated 133,000,000,000 pounds of food went uneaten in 2010.
Avoid starting sentences with numbers. If you have no choice, spell out the number unless itâs a year.
Right:Â Twenty students registered.
Right:Â 1914 was an important year.
Always use numerals (including the numbers 0â9) and spell out the words âpercentâ and âpercentage pointâ in text. âPercentâ takes a singular verb when standing alone. When itâs followed by the preposition âof,â use a verb that agrees with the object of the preposition: Use a singular verb if the object is singular, and use a plural verb if the object is plural.
Right: Only 8 percent of the class voted.
Right: We raised graduation rates by 22 percentage points over 10 years.
Right: He believes 50 percent is enough.
Right: He believes 60 percent of the membership is coming.
Right: He believes 60 percent of the members are coming.
Use the percent symbol (%) only in stylized callouts in design, charts or figures, and academic or technical writing.
âPercentâ and âpercentage pointâ are not synonymous. For example, if a 40 percent graduation rate increases by 30 percent, it goes up to 52 percent. If it increases by 30 percentage points, it goes up to 70 percent.
In text, describe a range using prepositional phrases, such as âbetween X and Yâ or âfrom X to Y.â You may also join the beginning and end of a numerical range or span of years with a hyphen or en dash, but make sure you donât include the prepositions.
When indicating a span of years with a hyphen or en dash, either drop the first two digits of the second year or keep all four. Whatever you do, stay consistent. If the years span a century change, always use all four numbers of the second year.
Right: Between 2000 and 2010, revenue dropped 15 to 20 percent.
Right: From April to August, the exhibit drew 400â500 visitors per week.
Right: Weâre open Monday through Friday.
Right: 1979â81, 1979â1981, 1979â2002
Wrong: Jerry Trickie was the associate athletics director for communications between 2013â15.
Wrong: 2009ââ12, â09ââ12
If the range occurs outside a sentence, such as in a heading, advertisement or flier, a hyphen or en dash is often preferable. Depending on design, adding a single space to each side of the hyphen or en dash can improve appearance and readability.
Right: Monday â Friday, Sept. 14â22, Sept. 14 â Oct. 5, 30â50 percent
Use the abbreviation âNo.â before a numeral when writing about rankings. If a ranking works best with words like âmostâ or âbest,â you may use ordinal numbers instead, such as âthird best undergraduate teaching.â Reserve the pound symbol (#) for social media hashtags.
Right: Georgia State University is ranked the No. 2 most innovative university in the nation.
Right: According to U.S. News & World Report, Georgia State offers the fourth best risk management and insurance program in the U.S.
Wrong: Georgia State has the nationâs #10 most ethnically diverse student body.
If a publication is strictly for use on the Atlanta Campus, you may omit the area code and first two digits. Use the â3â followed by a hyphen and the four-digit extension.
Right:Â Call us at 3-3151.
If the publication may be distributed outside the university, include the area code as part of the complete number. Use a hyphen between the area code and number. When using telephone numbers for publication, you may wish to check for accuracy by calling the number before the final edit.
Right:Â 404-413-2000
Wrong:Â (404) 413-2000
If you use more than one number, separate them with the word âorâ in text or with a slash in an address listing. When providing telephone, fax and cell phone numbers in an address listing, identify each.
Right: Call me at 404-413-3025/1357.
Right: Phone: 404-555-3151
Fax: 404-555-5812
Cell: 470-555-8139
Indicate time with numerals before âa.m.â or âp.m.â (always lowercase and always followed by periods). When writing a time that falls on the hour, state only the hour before âa.m.â or âp.m.â (Donât use â:00.â)
In editorial content, âoâclockâ is acceptable but should be avoided in most communications. Use ânoonâ and âmidnightâ instead of â12 p.m.â or â12 a.m.â
To designate a range of time, use a hyphen or en dash. Depending on design, adding a single space to each side of the hyphen or en dash can improve appearance and readability.
Right: 3 p.m., 3â5 p.m., 9 a.m. â 5 p.m.
Right: Noonâ1 p.m.
Right: The concert begins at 8:30 p.m.
Wrong: 3:00 p.m.
Wrong: 3 p.m.â5 p.m.
Wrong: 12 noon, 12 p.m.
Wrong: 12 midnight, 12 a.m.
When designating a time of day along with its date and day of the week, follow this sequence: day of week, date, time of day.
Right: Wednesday, Sept. 8, at 2 p.m.
Plurals and Possessives
Form plurals of family names that end in âsâ by adding âes.â
Right:Â The Jameses live in Inman Park.
Right:Â The James family lives in Inman Park.
Form plurals and possessives of proper names that end with âs,â âxâ and âzâ like this:
Right:Â Burnsâ poems
Right:Â Marxâs theories
Right:Â Savitzâs holdings
Plural possessives combine the above rules:
Right:Â the Jones familyâs reputation
Right:Â The Jonesesâ reputation
Form plurals of the following by adding âsâ alone:
Right:Â dos and donâts
Right:Â CDs
Right:Â M.A.s and Ph.D.s
Right:Â The three Rs
Right:Â the early 1920s
Right:Â several YMCAs
Right:Â CODs and IOUs
Right:Â in twos and threes
Form plurals of the following by adding âs:
Right: Aâs, Bâs, Câs
Right: pâs and qâs
Right: ABCs, IOUs, VIPs, SOSâs
Punctuation Primer
Do not use ampersands to replace the word âandâ wherever it strikes your fancy. Ampersands should be used only in place of the word âandâ when it occurs in the names and titles of departments, colleges, programs, companies, centers, buildings and so on â and they should be used in every instance. Using ampersands like this allows your reader to distinguish easily between items that contain the word âandâ while limiting the confusion that its frequent repetition can precipitate.
Right: The College of Arts & Sciences offers 26 bachelor's degree programs.
Right: She is a professor with the Department of Applied Linguistics & English as a Second Language.
Right: Mathematics & Statistics, Physics & Astronomy
Right: Budget & Planning and Finance & Administration are part of the same division.
Wrong: Chemistry & Astronomy, Parking & Transportation
Wrong: Public Relations and Marketing Communications and Auxiliary and Support Services worked together on the project.
Wrong: Visit Student Health Promotion for health & wellness information.
Avoid this informal construction.
Right:Â Some university departments automatically withdraw any student who enrolls in a course without first meeting its course prerequisites, grade point average requirements or both.
Wrong:Â Some university departments automatically withdraw any student who enrolls in a course without first meeting its course prerequisites and/or grade point average requirements.
Place a comma between the city and the state name, and another comma after the state name, unless it's at the end of a sentence. See States for more information.
Right:Â They moved from Tucson, Ariz., to Athens, Ga.
Wrong:Â Kansas City, Mo. is the site of the conference.
Do not use the serial comma â that is, a comma that comes before a coordinating conjunction (such as âandâ or âorâ) at the end of a series of three or more components. Use a comma only if the last or penultimate item itself contains a coordinating conjunction.
Right:Â The flag of the United States is red, white and blue.
Right:Â The restaurant offered pancakes, french toast, and ham and eggs.
If youâre combining two independent clauses into one sentence (known as a âcompound sentenceâ), you must join them either with a semicolon or a comma followed by a coordinating conjunction. A comma without a coordinating conjunction creates a comma splice. A coordinating conjunction without a comma creates a run-on sentence. These are embarrassing, elementary errors that should never appear in university communications.
Wrong: The designs have been approved, plans are moving forward.
Wrong: The multiuse facility will seat close to 8,000 and we hope to break ground next summer.
Right: Crews began the demolition of Kell Hall in April, and work will progress through the summer.
The punctuation is different if youâre writing a sentence that combines an independent clause and a dependent clause. (A dependent clause cannot stand on its own and is introduced by a subordinating conjunction, such as âalthough,â âbecause,â âif,â âonce,â âwhen,â âwhileâ and so on.) When the sentence begins with the dependent clause and ends with the independent clause, place a comma between them. When the sentence begins with the independent clause and ends with the dependent clause, do not separate them with commas.
Right: While students trundled up the ramps to class, the rest of the building was bustling with business and activity.
Right: He always thought of himself as an effective leader although he had never accomplished anything.
Do not use a comma before âJr.â or âSr.â after a personâs name.
Right: John Smith Jr.
Right: John Smith IV
Right: Thurston Howell III
Use a comma to introduce a complete, one-sentence quotation within a paragraph. A colon should be used to introduce longer quotations.
Right: She said, âI donât want to go.â
Right: She said: âI donât want to go. Iâm tired. The catâs sick, and I have no interest in postmodern art.â
Do not use a comma at the start of a partial or indirect quotation.
Right:Â She said the play was the âfinest drama Williams wrote.â
Omit the comma before âofâ in writing a personâs name and address.
Right: Robert Redford of Sundance, Utah
Wrong: Robert Redford, of Sundance, Utah
If youâre using an interruptive phrase or clause in the middle of a sentence, make sure youâve inserted commas on both sides of it.
Right: M. Brian Blake, president of Georgia State University, spoke at the meeting.
Right: The provostâs hiring initiatives, such as the Second Century Initiative and the Next Generation Program, introduced leading scholars to departments throughout the university.
Right: A pair of leg irons and a few pieces of gold Akan jewelry, which pirates clipped and used as money, testify to the shipâs involvement in the slave trade.
Use a colon at the end of an independent clause to direct attention to a list, explanation, quotation or amplification that follows. Do not use a colon between a verb and its direct object or after a phrase used to introduce examples (âsuch as,â âincludingâ).
Right: They asked everyone: her sister, brother, cousin and mother.
Right: They asked others, such as her sister, brother, cousin and mother.
Right: They will talk about the following: admission criteria, financial aid and student activities.
Wrong: The topics were: leadership; motivation; enthusiasm; creativity.
Use a semicolon to divide two closely related independent clauses when they are not connected by a conjunction. Semicolons also commonly connect two independent clauses that use conjunctive adverbs such as âthereforeâ and âhowever.â
Right: We already received your report; the follow-up mailing is not needed.
Right: We already received your report; however, we should still meet.
Semicolons are also needed to separate items in a series of three or more components if one or more items in the series itself contains commas. However, itâs often best to reword the series to obviate the need for the semicolons, which can clog up the flow of your sentence.
Wrong: The graduate teaching assistant plans class lectures and exercises, grades essays and tests, and leads engaging, challenging and constructive conferences with each student.
OK: The graduate teaching assistant plans class lectures and exercises; grades essays and tests; and leads engaging, challenging and constructive conferences with each student.
Better: The graduate teaching assistant plans class lectures and exercises, grades essays and tests, and engages each student with constructive criticism at personalized conferences.
Follow the organizationâs lead, and reproduce formal titles without modification. Heed special punctuation (including ampersands), and use âCo.,â âCos.,â âInc.â and âLtd.â if appropriate.
When you refer to a company without its formal title, use the term âcompany,â not âco.â Never use a comma before âInc.â or âLtd.â
For possessives: JPMorgan Chase & Co.âs profits.
Always spell out the word âcompanyâ in theatrical organizations.
Use em dashes to set off and emphasize an explanation, amplification or important parenthesis. An em dash (â) is not an en dash (â), which is what many word processors automatically use when the user types two hyphens (-) in a row. Make sure youâre using the correct punctuation, and put a space on either side of each em dash.
Right: When Queen Anneâs War â fought between Great Britain and France for control of North America â ended in 1713, many privateers immediately lost their jobs.
Right: He needed to navigate his ships through a perilous coastal channel â narrow, shallow and full of shifting shoals.
Use them rarely.
Hyphenate prenominal compound adjectives â that is, two words that form a single unit that modifies a noun that follows it. In most cases, the same two words that constitute a hyphenated adjectival compound before a noun are written as two separate words when used differently.
Right: a six-lane highway, a highway with six lanes; a middle-class neighborhood, the neighborhood is middle class; gender-inclusive pronouns, be gender inclusive; a bike-friendly campus, the campus is bike friendly; high-quality standards, the standards are high quality; world-renowned faculty, the faculty are world renowned
Even if the words precede the noun they modify, do not hyphenate them if the first word is an adverb ending in â-ly.â
Right: newly renovated library, geometrically exact equations
Wrong: commonly-held belief, federally-funded research
To hyphenate in a series, follow this example:
Right: He wrote 10- and 20-page papers.
Right: She took classes in pre- and postmodern British literature.
In general, words formed with prefixes (such as âmulti-,â âtrans-â and âun-â) are not hyphenated, whether theyâre used as nouns, verbs, adjectives or adverbs: âmultimedia,â âtranscontinental,â âunwrap.â Exceptions include words with repeated iâs or aâs (âanti-intellectual,â âmulti-institutional,â âmeta-analysisâ), compounds containing proper nouns and adjectives, and prefixes that precede open compounds.
When a prefix precedes a proper noun or adjective, place a hyphen after the prefix and keep the proper noun or adjective capitalized: âanti-Christian,â âmid-Octoberâ and ânon-Hispanicâ but âantithetical,â âmidcenturyâ and ânonprofit.â
If a prefix precedes an open compound, such as âvice president,â or a proper noun phrase of more than one word, such as âVietnam War,â use an en dash instead of a hyphen and leave the other words open: âexâvice president,â âpreâVietnam War.â
If one or more components of a hyphenated name contain more than one word, use an en dash to connect them: âHartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airportâ but âAtlantaâFulton County Stadium.â
Hereâs a short guide to commonly used open (two separate words), closed (one word) and hyphenated (two words connected with a hyphen) compounds. When in doubt, consult the Associated Press Stylebook or Websterâs New World College Dictionary, and stay consistent.
A
all-terrain, antebellum
B
bilingual, bisexual, byline
C
callout (noun), call out (verb), child care, co-author, co-chair, co-sponsor, coeducational, cooperative, copay, course work
Note: As stipulated by AP style, hyphenate nouns, adjectives and verbs formed with âcoâ that indicate occupation or status but keep the rest closed.
D
database, data center, decision-maker (noun), decision-making (noun and adjective)
E
email, ex-marine, exâstate senator, extracurricular
F
follow-up (noun), follow up (verb)
full-time (always hyphenated): a full-time employee (adjective), sheâs working full-time (adverb)
-free (always hyphenated): fat-free steak, a soda thatâs sugar-free
fundraiser, fundraising (one word in all cases): fundraising is difficult (noun, the activity), the fundraising campaign (adjective, relating to the activity), we are holding a fundraiser (noun, event), he is a fundraiser (noun, person)
G
grade point average (neither hyphenated nor capitalized)
H
half-asleep, a half hour, a half-hour meeting, halfhearted, halftime, halfway
I
interoffice, interrelated
J
jump-start
L
lifestyle, lifelong, long-term strategy (adjective), in the long term (noun)
M
mainframe, microcomputer, minivan, multimedia, multipurpose, multiuse
N
nonnegotiable, nonprofit, nonviolent
O
-old: a 3-year-old (noun), a 3-year-old child (adjective before noun), a child whoâs 3 years old (adjective after noun), centuries-old conflict
on-campus movies (adjective), there are movies on campus each week (prepositional phrase), off-site (always hyphenated), on-site (always hyphenated)
P
part-time (always hyphenated): part-time job (adjective), working part-time (adverb)
percent, drive a pick-up (noun), pick up that trash (verb), playoffs, postdoctoral, postgraduate, preempt, preexisting, preschool
R
reelect, reexamine, reevaluate, reinforce
Note: In general, donât hyphenate âpre-â and âre-â even when theyâre followed by another e. There are exceptions, however. Consult the Associated Press Stylebook or Websterâs New World College Dictionary to be sure.
S
self-conscious (adjective before and after noun), self-defense, self-destructive (adjective before and after noun), self-restraint, selfless, selflessness
semicolon, short-term solution (adjective), in the short term (noun), startup (noun, a type of company), subbasement, subdomain
V
vice president, viceroy
Y
year-round availability (adjective), offered year-round (adverb)
When describing the score or outcome of a sports competition, follow this example:
Right: Running back Taz Bateman powered through the line during a 34-7 rout of in-state rival Georgia Southern last December.
Note:Â The use stipulated here prevails in the United States. The United Kingdom and most other non-American anglophone countries use a different style.
The period and the comma always go inside the quotation marks.
Right:Â She told us to âstay in school,â which was good advice.
Right:Â He said, âIâm going to the store.â
Wrong:Â He said, âIâm going to the storeâ.
Dashes, exclamation points and question marks go inside quotation marks when they apply to the quote. When they apply to the whole sentence, they go outside the marks.
Right: Sgt. Carter gave the following order: âPeel potatoes â then lights out!â
Right: At 1,288 words, perhaps the longest sentence in all of English literature occurs in Faulknerâs âAbsalom, Absalom!â
Right: Francis Schaefferâs book asks, âHow Shall We Then Live?â
Right: What did Martin Luther King Jr. mean when he said, âI have a dreamâ?
The colon and semicolon should be placed outside quotation marks. When text ending with one of these punctuation marks is quoted, the colon or semicolon is dropped.
Right:Â The president said the plan needed âa few minor adjustmentsâ; however, he did not reject it entirely.
In running quotations, each new paragraph begins with open quotation marks, but only the final paragraph contains closing quotation marks.
Right:Â Addressing the crowd, he continued: âIt is for these that we speak. We do not come as aggressors. Our war is not a war of conquest. We are fighting in the defense of our homes, our families and posterity. We have petitioned, and our petitions have been scorned. We have entreated, and our entreaties have been disregarded. We have begged, and they have mocked when our calamity came.
âWe beg no longer; we entreat no more; we petition no more. We defy them!
âThe gentleman from Wisconsin has said he fears a Robespierre. My friend, in this land of the free, you need fear no tyrant who will spring up from among the people. What we need is an Andrew Jackson to stand as Jackson stood, against the encroachments of aggregated wealth.â
When including a quote or âhighlightedâ word inside another quotation, use single quotation marks (â) instead of double (â).
Right: In his charge to the committee, the chair said, âI have often told you, âDonât give up the ship.â Thanks to your efforts, weâve been able to reach our goal.â
Right: The chair said, âI have often told you, âDonât give up the ship.ââ
Use a single space at the end of a sentence and after a colon. Double spaces date back to the days of typewriters, when all characters were allotted the same amount of space. Computerized typesetting adjusts the spacing for a good fit. Extra spaces create gaps and appear unprofessional.
Sensitivities
When writing stories that include individuals, be sure that the story subjectâs disclosure of information such as sexual orientation, gender identity or disability was intentional, that it is pertinent to the story and that they grant permission for it to be used in content. Â
The story subject should also understand where this information will be visible to the public, as some LGBTQÂ people may fear repercussions from members of their hometowns or their families.
Sexual orientation: The term for a personâs enduring physical, romantic or emotional attraction to another person. Sexual orientations can include heterosexual (straight), lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer, asexual and other orientations. Avoid the offensive term "sexual preference," which is used to inaccurately suggest that being gay, lesbian or bisexual is voluntary. Ask people how they describe themselves before labeling their sexual orientations. Do not use âhomosexual,â which describes behavior only and not attraction. It is also seen as offensive by some.Â
LGBT and LGBTQ: Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender, with âQâ generally standing for queer. The + symbol is often added to recognize other identities such as intersex and gender non-binary. Avoid using the term âgay community.âÂ
Lesbian: A woman whose enduring physical, romantic or emotional attraction is to other women. Some lesbians may prefer to identify as gay (adj.) or as gay women. Avoid identifying lesbians as "homosexuals.â Lesbian can be used as a noun or adjective. Ask people how they describe themselves before labeling their sexual orientation.Â
Gay: An adjective used to describe a person whose enduring physical, romantic or emotional attractions are to people of the same sex (e.g., gay man, gay people). Lesbian (n. or adj.) is generally the preferred term for women. Avoid identifying gay people as "homosexuals," an outdated term considered derogatory and offensive to many lesbian and gay people. Â
Bisexual: An adjective used to describe a person who has the potential to be physically, romantically or emotionally attracted to people of more than one gender, not necessarily at the same time, in the same way or to the same degree.Â
Queer: An adjective used by some people, particularly younger people, whose sexual orientation is not exclusively heterosexual (e.g., queer person, queer woman). Typically, for those who identify as queer, the terms lesbian, gay and bisexual are perceived to be too limiting or fraught with cultural connotations they feel do not apply to them. Once considered a pejorative term, queer has been reclaimed by some LGBTQ people to describe themselves. However, it is not a universally accepted term even within the LGBTQ community, so use caution when using it outside of describing the way someone self-identifies or in a direct quote.
Cisgender: An adjective used to describe people who whose gender identity is aligned with the sex they were assigned at birth. While commonly used among younger people and transgender people, it is not as widely understood. Either explain what cisgender means or use the term "non-transgender people."
Transgender: An adjective to describe people whose gender identity differs from the sex they were assigned at birth. It is important to note that being transgender is not dependent upon physical appearance or medical procedures. A person can call themself transgender the moment they realize that their gender identity is different than the sex they were assigned at birth.
âą "Transgender" should be used as an adjective, not a noun. Refer instead to "transgender people" or a "transgender person."
âą Do not pluralize "transgender."
âą Avoid "transgendered."
âą Do not capitalize "transgender" unless it is part of a name or it begins a sentence.
Trans: Acceptable on second reference for "transgender."
Transsexual: Avoid this older term that originated in medicine and psychology. Do not use "transsexual" unless it is a word a person uses to describe themselves. Do not use the older, offensive term "transvestite."
Gender nonbinary: Nonbinary is an adjective used by people who experience their gender identity or gender expression as falling outside the binary gender categories of man and woman. Many nonbinary people also call themselves transgender and consider themselves part of the transgender community. Others do not. Nonbinary is an umbrella term that encompasses many different ways to understand one's gender. "Non-binary" is also acceptable. While sometimes used as slang or shorthand, do not use âNB,â âN.B.â or âenby.â If possible, avoid direct quotations using those terms.
Pronouns:Â Some transgender individuals use third-person plural pronouns (âthey,â âthem,â âtheirâ). While not standard, this practice may be accommodated if the subject of a story requests it as long as the writer provides a brief explanation (âJessie, who prefers to use neutral pronouns, returned for their final semesterâ).
Gender-neutral pronouns such as âhir,â âxeâ and âzirâ are not standard and should be avoided in university communications unless they are the subject of a story, in which case an explanation must be provided.
Deadnaming:Â Refers to the intentional use of the name â generally the first name â that someone no longer uses, particularly in the context of gender identity. If done repeatedly, it is seen as discriminatory and hostile to transgender people and as invalidating of who they are.
Avoid using the name of the person that they no longer use, regardless of whether they have gone through the legal process of changing their name of record (also referred to colloquially as a âgovernment nameâ).
Care in Submitting Student Achievements:Â More cases are occurring at Georgia State where a student now identifies differently than when they first enrolled. Some students might not have changed their preferred first name since they were added to Merit.
When writing press releases about individual students or submitting student achievements in Merit, be sure to use the name with which the student currently identifies. When submitting student achievements in Merit, avoid the use of pronouns entirely and use the last name on every reference to avoid accidentally misgendering the student.
Some transgender individuals use third-person plural pronouns (âthey,â âthem,â âtheirâ). While not standard, this practice may be accommodated if the subject of a story requests it as long as the writer provides a brief explanation (âJessie, who prefers to use neutral pronouns, returned for their final semesterâ).
Person-First vs. Identity-First Language
Previous style guides have emphasized âperson-firstâ language when discussing disabilities (e.g., âperson with disabilitiesâ rather than âdisabled personsâ), but there are fierce disagreements within communities themselves about whether to use âperson-firstâ or âidentity-firstâ (e.g., âdeaf peopleâ instead of âpeople who are deafâ) language.
As of 2022, style guides from disability advocates and academic centers studying the intersection of disabilities and journalism no longer encourage âperson-firstâ language as default and encourage writers to defer to peopleâs preferences.
BasicsÂ
âą Refer to a disability only when relevant to a story.
âą When possible, ask sources how they would like to be described.
âą Avoid made-up words like âdiversabilityâ and âhandicapableâ unless using them in direct quotes or to refer to a movement or organization. If not part of an official title of an organization or entity, attempt to paraphrase and use a more acceptable term rather than include it in a direct quote.
Nature of a Disability
âą Be sensitive when using words like âdisorder,â âimpairment,â âabnormalityâ and âspecialâ to describe the nature of a disability. The word âconditionâ is often a good substitute that avoids judgement.
âą There is no universal agreement on the use of these terms; âdisorderâ is common when it comes to medical references, and the same is true for âspecialâ when used in âspecial education."
âą Major exceptions exist when discussing the proper nouns describing Georgia State departments, centers and majors.
âą In academic contexts, it may be acceptable to use these terms. Defer to the faculty member or research expert in the field, who generally has more contact with the specific communities in question.
Able-bodied
Use more neutral phrases as this phrase implies that all people with disabilities lack âable bodiesâ or the ability to use their bodies well.
Right: Jane Smith, professor of health law, found that supervisors who do not have a disability are less likely to be aware of reasonable accommodation requirements of the Americans with Disabilities Act.
Wrong: Able-bodied supervisors are less likely than their disabled counterparts to understand the full requirements of the law.Â
Afflicted With/Stricken With/Suffers From/Victim OfÂ
These phrases presume that all disabled persons are suffering or have a reduced quality of life when this is not the case. Use neutral language that states the facts, avoiding descriptions that connote pity.
Right: He has muscular dystrophy.
Right: She lives with HIV.
Wrong: He suffers from autism.
American Sign Language
There are multiple dialects of sign language globally. American Sign Language is a specific, complete language used by many people in North America who are deaf or hard of hearing as a primary means of communication. Specify American Sign Language on first reference, capitalizing all three words. ASL is acceptable on second reference.
Right: Students at Perimeter College can study American Sign Language interpretation.
Wrong: Students at Perimeter College can study sign language.
Autism/Autism Spectrum Disorder/Autistic
Autism spectrum disorder is group of complex disorders related to brain development, according to the National Institute of Mental Health. Common symptoms of autism spectrum disorder include difficulties in communication, impaired social interaction and restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior, interests or activities, according to the institute. However, symptoms vary across the spectrum. The American Psychiatric Association consolidated subtypes of autism-related medical terminology, such as Aspergerâs syndrome, autism disorder and childhood disintegrative disorder, into autism spectrum disorder.
Condition: When not writing about a specific person, such as when writing a press release about research into the field, ask the faculty member and use the phrasing that is used in the text of the faculty memberâs research (usually a journal article). Use straightforward language and be as specific as possible.
People: Opinions differ on how to refer to someone with autism. Some people with autism prefer being referred to as âautisticâ or an âautistic person.â Others object to using autistic as an adjective. Always ask the person involved. (Read more at the Autistic Self Advocacy Network for more about this debate and these perspectives.)
Birth Defect
Avoid this term. Instead, be specific about the nature of the condition and explain it when possible.
Right: Ben Jones was born with spina bifida, a congenital condition where part of the spinal cord fails to develop or close.
Wrong: Ben Jones has a birth defect.
Deaf
Use the lowercase term âdeafâ to describe a person with profound or total hearing loss, and "hard of hearing" to describe a person with a lesser degree of hearing loss. It is important to understand that many people do not consider being deaf or having hearing loss a disability.
Uppercase "Deaf" when referring to the culture and community built around the experience of deafness and use of sign language. Avoid using âhearing impaired,â âpartialâ or âpartiallyâ in reference to deafness or hearing loss unless people use those terms for themselves.
Disfigurement/Disfigured
Do not call someone âdisfiguredâ as some consider the term derogatory. Refer specifically to the physical changes.
Wrong: She was disfigured from a fire.
Right: He was severely injured by third-degree burns that required skin grafts, altering the shape of his nose and cheeks.
Dwarf/Dwarfism/Little People
Dwarfism is a genetic condition. Use the word only when referring to this condition, and only if it is relevant to the story. Some people use "dwarf" to describe themselves while others prefer "little person" or "person with dwarfism." Use the term preferred by the individual.
âMidgetâ is considered a derogatory slur.
Wheelchairs
Never use the word âconfinedâ when discussing a person who uses a wheelchair. Wheelchairs are intended to free people, not restrain them.
âą Adapted from the National Center on Disability and Journalism, Walter Cronkite School of Journalism & Mass Communication at Arizona State University. This centerâs recommendations have been used to inform updates of the Associated Press Stylebook. Certain additional information has been adapted from the Office of Diversity, Equity & Inclusion at the University of Iowa.
Always ask individual preference.
AAPI
Spell out the term "Asian American and Pacific Islander" on first reference. Use "AAPI" only on second reference or if used in a proper noun for an organization, program or initiative.
Black/African American/African Diaspora
Since 2020, The Associated Pressâ preferred style is "Black," capitalized. African American refers specifically to people of African descent who were born in the United States. ("Black" can also describe people of African descent who were born in the Caribbean, the United Kingdom, France, Brazil, etc., or in Africa itself.) "African Diaspora" refers to people of African descent globally and is used in a scholarly/research context.
Hispanic/Latino/Latina/Latinx/Chicano/Chicana
As always, ask the person or group how they want to be identified. In press releases involving research into these communities, use the term that is located within the text of the research paper.
âą "Hispanic"Â refers to persons of Spanish-speaking origin or ancestry.
âą "Latino/Latina" refers to persons of Latin American origin or ancestry, which also includes people of Portuguese-speaking origin or ancestry (such as Brazil).
âą "Latinx": Spanish as a language uses gender differentiations, with âLatinoâ denoting male and âLatinaâ denoting female. The use of the letter âXâ in âLatinxâ represents an attempt to be gender-neutral, but this is a subject of controversy among some in the community as it is not a normal word found in Spanish or other Romance languages. Follow The Associated Press Stylebook, which suggests using it only in quotations, the names of groups or organizations and to describe people who request it, followed by a short explanation.
âą "Chicano/Chicana"Â is sometimes used to refer specifically to persons of Mexican heritage in the U.S. Southwest. Use only if it is the person's preference.
In statistics: In U.S. Census Bureau and other federal statistics, the government differentiates between ânon-white Hispanicsâ and âwhite Hispanics,â meaning that breakdowns of racial populations will not add up to 100 percent. Where these breakdowns are listed, include an explanation.
Multiracial
Avoid using âmixed raceâ when describing someone who is of heritage of multiple racial identities, and always use the personâs preferred identity.
Native Americans/American Indians
Both are acceptable as general references for two or more people affiliated with tribal groups within the U.S. For individuals, use the name of the tribe. Some tribes and tribal nations use "member" while others use "citizen" to describe those who are affiliated with them. Use "citizen" if in doubt.
Tribes: Identify tribes by the political identity that they specify. Examples: the Apache Tribe of Oklahoma, the Cherokee Nation.
Indigenous: Capitalize Indigenous when referring to people. Use lowercase when referring to plants and animals.
Sources: Asian American Journalists Association, National Association of Black Journalists, National Association of Hispanic Journalists, Native American Journalists Association
Use the preferred references: fraternities and sororities. The terms âGreeksâ and âGreek organizationsâ are OK. Donât use the term âfrats.â
To respect the variety of religious beliefs on our campuses, use âholiday partyâ instead of âChristmas partyâ and âwinter breakâ rather than âChristmas break.â
Titles
Put quotation marks around the titles of books, chapters of books, movies, plays, poems, songs, television shows, episodes of television shows, magazine articles, speeches, research papers and projects.
The title of an academic paper or journal article should be put inside quotation marks. The name of a journal should be written in title case without quotation marks or italics.
Right: His paper, âThe Rhetoric of Neoclassical Poets,â was published in Classical Literature Quarterly.
Use quotation marks for most book titles (including common textbooks), but do not use them for the titles of reference books, such as dictionaries and encyclopedias. Use quotation marks for book chapters or individual selections within such volumes.
Right: He used the Associated Press Stylebook and the Chicago Manual of Style to write his first best-selling novel, âHuman Taxidermy.â
Right: The short stories âDry Septemberâ and âRed Leavesâ are included in the âCollected Stories of William Faulkner.â
Use title case for course titles, but do not use quotation marks or italics.
Capitalize the name, but do not place it in quotations or italics. Do not capitalize âmagazineâ unless itâs part of the publicationâs title or masthead.
Right:Â Time magazine, Newsweek magazine, Harperâs Magazine
Capitalize the word âtheâ only if itâs part of the periodicalâs title.
Right:Â The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post, the Willamette Week
When listing several publications or periodicals, lower case the initial âtheâ and eliminate additional references of âtheâ from the list.
Right:Â We read the New York Times, Daily News and Wall Street Journal every morning.
Put quotation marks around the titles of movies, plays, video games, and television and radio shows and episodes.
Right: Adam Pinney (B.A. â02) took home the Grand Jury Award at the 2016 South by Southwest Film Festival for his feature film, âThe Arbalest.â
Right: âLeague of Legendsâ is the most popular esport and, by some estimates, the most popular video game in the world.
Right: Many critics concur that âThe Suitcaseâ is among the best episodes of âMad Men.â
Capitalize but do not use quotation marks around descriptive titles for orchestral works. If a work has a special title, use quotation marks around it.
Right:Â Bachâs Suite No. 1 for Orchestra
Right:Â Mozartâs âThe Magic Fluteâ
Right: Philip Glassâs Violin Concerto No. 2 is titled âThe American Four Seasons.â
Tech Talk
New terms and variations emerge rapidly. For the most part, we defer to the Associated Press Stylebook as our guide, but there are exceptions.
email (no hyphen) | offline (one word, no hyphen) |
internet (lowercase) | online (one word, no hyphen) |
intranet (lowercase) | web (lowercase) |
log in (verb), login (noun) | webcast |
log out (verb), log off (verb) | webmaster |
multimedia (one word, no hyphen) | webpage, website |
The preferred phrasal verb is âlog inâ â not âlog on,â âlog ontoâ or âlog into.â Do not replace âinâ with âon,â âintoâ or âonto.â Note that while it is natural to say one is âlogged inâ without an object, no one would say he or she was âlogged into.â
Right: Students should log in to PAWS regularly.
Right: Iâm already logged in.
Wrong: Use your CampusID to log onto PAWS.
Wrong: Log into BrightSpace to submit your essay.
When referencing a web address (or URL, the initialism for âuniversal resource locatorâ) in text, write only the root domain (such as âgsu.eduâ or âoutlook.comâ) and the appropriate path. Omit the protocols âhttpâ and âhttps,â the slashes that follow, the abbreviation for World Wide Web (âwwwâ) and the slash at the end of the address.
Wrong: https://news.gsu.edu/
Right: news.gsu.edu
Wrong: www.gsu.edu
Right: gsu.edu
Right: admissions.gsu.edu/scholarships
Always shorten long URLs for Georgia State webpages by deleting everything between the domain (or subdomain, if applicable) and the last part of the directory.
Wrong: https://admissions.gsu.edu/bachelors-degree/experience/visit/
Right: admissions.gsu.edu/visit
Wrong: https://news.gsu.edu/magazine/fall2019/summerhills-next-act/
Right: news.gsu.edu/summerhills-next-act
Mechanics and Tricky Words
These words are taken from their Latin origins and denote graduates or former students of a school, college or university. The noun forms are gender specific: âalumnaâ refers to one woman; âalumnaeâ refers to women; âalumnusâ refers to one man; âalumniâ refers to men or men and women. âAlumniâ is often used for any group of graduates. ââAlumâ and âalumsâ are acceptable in conversational contexts or if a gender-neutral term is desired.
Collective nouns such as âfaculty,â âstaff,â âbandâ and âfamilyâ can take either singular or plural verbs. Choose whichever you prefer, but stay consistent.
Right:Â The staff is represented by the Staff Council.
Right:Â Our faculty are dedicated and passionate.
Right:Â Staff members disagree among themselves about the best benefits options.
Make sure your modifiers are modifying the correct things. Most of these errors occur at the beginning of a sentence. Introductory participial, prepositional and noun phrases (âHeading into her senior year,â âOnce established in the new town,â âAs the daughter of a distinguished veteran,â âA senior lecturer with the English Departmentâ) will always describe or rename the subject, so make sure theyâre actually talking about the subject of your sentence and not something else.
Wrong: Heading into her senior year, anxieties about starting a successful career threatened to hurt her performance. (Anxieties donât go to school.)
Right: As she headed into her senior year, anxieties about starting a successful career threatened to hurt her performance.
Right: Heading into her senior year, she struggled with anxieties about starting a successful career, which hurt her performance.
Wrong: Once established in the new town, finding work came easy for him. (Actions such as finding work donât move to new towns.)
Right: Once established in the new town, he found work easily.
Wrong: As the daughter of a distinguished veteran, the national anthem protests make me sick. (The national anthem is not the daughter of anyone; itâs a poem penned by Francis Scott Key and later set to the tune of a popular English drinking song.)
Right: As the daughter of a distinguished veteran, Iâm disgusted by the national anthem protests.
Make sure you place these words before the things they are contrasting.
Wrong: Iâm either going to get my life together, or Iâm going to die.
Right: Either Iâm going to get my life together, or Iâm going to die.
Right: Iâm going to either get my life together or die.
Wrong: I either need a safe place to stay or a one-way ticket out of town.
Right: I need either a safe place to stay or a one-way ticket out of town.
Avoid using the passive voice, which can contribute to imprecise, weak or wordy prose.
Think about this sentence: âJaneâs classes were taught in the morning.â Taught by whom? Is Jane a teacher or a student? An active construction would clarify the sentence: âProfessor Smith taught Janeâs morning classes.â
When a passive construction makes an appearance in an early draft, think about the sentence. Try to alter the construction with an active verb. Concise sentences with active verbs and a few carefully selected modifiers communicate most clearly to the reader.
Passive: The program is activated with a key by the engineer.
Active: The engineer activates the program with a key.
Reflexive pronouns (myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves and themselves) reflect the action of the predicate back onto the subject and rename the subject as either an object or direct object. To be used correctly, they must be able to refer back to a noun or noun phrase already named in the sentence.
Right: I am getting ahead of myself.
Right: I gave myself three goals.
Right: She hurt herself.
Right: Letâs examine how the narrative represents itself.
Right: The professors invited themselves.
Intensive pronouns (the same set of words) are used in apposition to their referents to add emphasis. To be used correctly, they must be able to refer back to a noun or noun phrase already named in the sentence.
Right: I told them myself. (I myself told them.)
Right: The story emphasizes the dangers and weaknesses in narrative itself.
If neither of these cases applies, you must use a pronoun in either the subjective or objective case.
Wrong:Â You can tell your supervisor or myself.
Right:Â You can tell your supervisor or me.
Wrong:Â My wife and myself express our thanks.
Right:Â My wife and I express our thanks.
âThatâ and âwhichâ are relative pronouns that begin relative clauses by replacing or referring to an action, idea, place or thing previously stated in the sentence.
When referring to a human being (or an animal with a name), relative clauses should start with the word âwhoâ or âwhom.â (See Who/Whom.)
When referring to an object or nameless animal with an essential (also known as ârestrictiveâ) clause â one that canât be eliminated without changing the meaning of the sentence â relative clauses should begin with the word âthat.â Essential clauses do not need commas.
When referring to an object or nameless animal with a nonessential (also known as ânonrestrictiveâ) clause â one that can be eliminated from the sentence without changing the basic meaning â relative clauses should begin with the word âwhich.â If nonessential clauses appear in the middle of sentences, they may need to be set off by commas.
A simple test: Once your sentence is written, try reading it without the clause. If the sentence still means about the same thing, your clause should be introduced by âwhich.â If taking out the clause changes the meaning drastically, it should be introduced by âthat.â
Right: The memorial celebrates the soldiers who died. (Essential: There are many soldiers, but only some of them died. The memorial celebrates them only.)
Right: The memorial celebrates the soldiers, who died. (Nonessential: The memorial celebrates all the soldiers, and all the soldiers are dead.)
âWhoâ and âwhomâ are relative pronouns for persons. They begin relative clauses by replacing or referring to persons or animals with names either subjectively (you need to know âwhoâ is responsible) or objectively (you need to know âwhomâ to contact).
The word âwhoâ substitutes for the subjective-case pronouns âhe,â âsheâ or âtheyâ; âwhomâ substitutes for the objective-case pronouns âhim,â âherâ or âthem.â If you donât want to use âwhom,â restructure your sentence. Donât just use âwhoâ when it is incorrect.
admission/admissions
When used as a noun adjunct â a noun that modifies another noun right after it â âadmissionâ needs to be singular: admission decision, admission process, admission application. Use âAdmissionsâ (capitalized) to refer to the office of Undergraduate Admissions: visit Admissions, the new Admissions director.
adverse/averse
âAdverseâ means unfavorable. âAverseâ means reluctant.
adviser/advisor
In university communications we use âadviser,â although both are correct.
affect/effect
âTo affectâ means (1) to influence, change or produce an effect; (2) to like to do, wear or use; or (3) to pretend. âTo effectâ means to accomplish, complete, cause, make possible or carry out. If youâre looking for a noun, youâre probably looking for âeffect.â If youâre using a verb, youâre safest with âaffect.â
afterward
not afterwards
all right
not alright
allude/refer
âTo alludeâ means to speak of without mentioning. âTo referâ means to speak of directly.
allusion/illusion
An âallusionâ is an indirect reference. An âillusionâ is a false impression or image.
alternate/alternative
As adjectives, âalternateâ means âevery otherâ or âhappening or following in turnsâ while âalternativeâ means âavailable as another choice,â âsubstitute,â âexisting outside traditional or established institutions or systems,â or âespousing or reflecting values outside the mainstream.â
around/about
âAroundâ should refer to a physical proximity or surrounding (âmeet me around the entrance to the University Commonsâ) while âaboutâ should indicate an approximation (âabout 50 percent of our full-time facultyâ).
beside/besides
Use âbesideâ to mean âat the side ofâ (âsit beside meâ), âto compare withâ (âbeside other studiesâ) or âapart fromâ (âbeside the pointâ). Use âbesidesâ to mean âfurthermoreâ (âbesides, I said soâ), âin addition toâ (âand elm and maple trees besidesâ) or âother thanâ (âthereâs no one here besides Bill and meâ).
between/among
Use âbetweenâ to show a relationship between two objects only. Use âamongâ when there are more than two. âBetweenâ takes an objective pronoun: me, her, him, them. âBetween you and meâ is correct. âBetween you and Iâ is not.
biannual/biennial
âBiannualâ is twice a year. âBiennialâ is every two years.
CampusID
The Georgia State account name used for signing into technology is one capitalized word.
Civil Rights Movement
Treat this term as a proper noun and capitalize each word.
complement/compliment
A âcomplementâ is something that completes or supplements. A âcomplimentâ is praise or the expression of courtesy.
compose/comprise/constitute
âComposeâ is to create or put together. âCompriseâ is to contain, to include all or embrace. âConstituteâ is to make up, to be the elements of.
Examples:
The whole comprises the parts. The parts constitute the whole. The whole is composed of parts.
The department comprises 12 people. Twelve people constitute the department. The department is composed of 12 people.
continual/continuous
âContinualâ is a steady repetition. âContinuousâ is uninterrupted.
criteria
plural (more than one criterion, which is a quality, value or standard of judgment)
curricula
plural (more than one curriculum, which is a program of academic courses or learning activities: the College of Law curricula)
curricular
adjective (College of Education & Human Developmentâs curricular philosophy)
curriculum
singular (the chemistry curriculum)
data
âDataâ is usually a plural noun that takes a plural verb (âthe data have been carefully selectedâ). On rare occasions, âdataâ can be used as a singular collective noun, where the group or quantity of data is regarded as a single object that takes a singular verb (âthe data is soundâ).
daylight-saving time
not daylight-savings time
different from/than
While âdifferent fromâ is generally preferred, âdifferent thanâ is acceptable in certain contexts, especially when the object is a clause. In general, use âfromâ when the object is a simple noun or noun phrase, but donât be afraid to use âthanâ before a clause. For example, âHe is different from his mother,â but âthings are different than they used to be.â
disinterested/uninterested
âDisinterestedâ means impartial. âUninterestedâ means lacking interest.
dissociate
not disassociate
entitled/titled
âEntitledâ means having the right to something (she is entitled to the inheritance). Use âtitledâ to introduce the name of a publication, speech or musical piece (the piece is titled âLove and Illusionâ).
farther/further
âFartherâ refers to physical distance. âFurtherâ refers to an extension of time or degree.
fewer/less
Use âfewerâ for individual items that can be counted. Use âlessâ for bulk or quantity that is measured (not counted). âFewerâ usually takes a plural noun; âlessâ usually takes a singular noun.
first come, first served
Use the past participles of each verb. Your guests are not going to serve; they will be served.
flier/flyer
âFlierâ is the preferred term for an aviator or a handbill. Use âflyerâ only for the official names of buses and trains, such as Amtrakâs Heartland Flyer.
flounder/founder
As a verb, to âflounderâ means to move about clumsily or with difficulty, as through mud, or to behave awkwardly. To âfounder,â on the other hand, means to fall, fail, sink, stumble or become wrecked. People who are intoxicated or learning to swim may flounder about, but doomed companies or projects founder.
follow-up/follow up
Hyphenate the noun, and leave the phrasal verb open. You âfollow upâ on a meeting; the act of following up on a meeting may be called a âfollow-up.â
grade point average
Neither hyphenate nor capitalize this term. Heed the rules for Acronyms and Initialisms, and use âGPAâ after first reference.
half-mast/half-staff
To use âhalf-mast,â you must be referring to a flag on a ship or at a naval station. A flag anywhere else is at âhalf-staff.â
healthcare/health care
Itâs still best to use âhealth careâ as an open compound.
historic/historical
âHistoricâ means important. âHistoricalâ refers to any event in the past.
hopefully
âHopefullyâ describes the hopeful manner in which someone speaks, appears or acts. Do not use âhopefullyâ to mean âit is to be hoped that,â especially as a sentence adverb.
Right:Â I hope we can go.
Right:Â She eyed the interview list hopefully.
Right:Â The speaker delivered her address hopefully and passionately.
Wrong:Â Hopefully, we can go.
Wrong:Â The report will hopefully address that issue.
important/importantly
âImportantlyâ is incorrect unless it is an adverb.
Right:Â He strutted importantly through the castle.
Right:Â More important, he said, the quality of the program must not suffer.
imply/infer
âImplyâ means to suggest or indicate indirectly. To âinferâ is to conclude or decide from something known or assumed. If you imply something, youâre sending out a message. If you infer something, youâre interpreting a message.
info
Use the full word âinformationâ and restrict use of âinfoâ to informal contexts.
in regard to/in regards to
Use âregard,â not âregards.â âAs regardsâ or âregardingâ may also be used.
insure/ensure
âInsureâ means to establish a contract for insurance of some type. âEnsureâ means to guarantee.
intense/intensive
âIntenseâ means of extreme force, degree or strength whereas âintensive,â as the counterpart to âextensive,â means with regard to force or degree. A strenuous experience is âintense,â but a concentrated approach to, say, agriculture or bombardment (more plants or bombs per area) is âintensive.â
intro
In general, use the full word âintroductionâ and restrict use of âintroâ to informal contexts.
irregardless
The word is âregardlessâ or âirrespective.â
-ize
Do not coin verbs with this suffix, and avoid most of the words already coined with it, such as âfinalizeâ (use âendâ or âconcludeâ) or âutilizeâ (use âuseâ).
launch
While âlaunchâ often denotes the commencement of projects, companies and products, other words are preferred in these contexts, such as âintroduce,â âdebut,â âinitiateâ and so on. Use âlaunchâ to talk about physical objects â ships, rockets and the like.
lay/lie
âLayâ means to place or deposit and requires a direct object (forms: lay, laid, laying). âLieâ means to be in a reclining position or to be situated. It does not take an object (forms: lie, lay, lain, lying).
lectern/podium
You stand on a podium and behind a lectern.
let/leave
To âlet aloneâ means to leave something undisturbed. To âleave aloneâ means to depart from or cause to be in solitude.
like/as
Use âlikeâ to compare nouns and pronouns. Use âasâ to introduce clauses and phrases.
literally/figuratively
âLiterallyâ means in an exact sense. âFigurativelyâ means in a comparative sense.
Right:Â The furnace literally exploded.
Wrong:Â He was so furious he literally blew his stack.
located
In most cases, you donât need this word. Instead of saying âThe Speakerâs Auditorium is located in Student Center East,â you can simply write, âThe Speakerâs Auditorium is in Student Center East.â Instead of âWhere are you located at?â (which is the worst construction of all), write âWhere are you?â
many/much
In general, use âmanyâ for individual items that can be counted, and use âmuchâ for bulk or quantity that is measured.
metro Atlanta
Unlike âSouthern Californiaâ or âNorthern Virginia,â âmetro Atlantaâ is not a proper noun. Never hyphenate it, and avoid alternative terms like âthe metro area.â
Right:Â Georgia State has a $2.6 billion impact on metro Atlanta each year.
Wrong:Â Metro Atlanta, metro-Atlanta, Metro-Atlanta
midnight/noon
Use âmidnightâ and ânoonâ instead of â12 a.m.â or â12 p.m.â Do not put a â12â in front of either one.
more than/over
Use âmore thanâ when you mean in excess of; use âoverâ when referring to physical placement of an object, an ending or extent of authority.
Right:Â More than 25 professors participated.
Wrong:Â The university has over 60 buildings.
nor
Use this word anytime you use âneither.â
OK/okay
Use âOK.â
oral/verbal
âOralâ refers to spoken words. âVerbalâ can refer to either spoken or written words but most often connotes the process of reducing ideas to writing.
Panthers/Panthersâ
You go to a Panthers football game and admire the Panthersâ offense.
PantherCard, PantherCash
These important resources are both written without spaces between capitalized terms.
past experience
What other kind of experience is there? Just use âexperienceâ alone.
peddle/pedal
To âpeddleâ is to sell. To âpedalâ is to use pedals, as on a bicycle.
people/persons
Use âpersonâ when speaking of an individual. The word âpeople,â rather than âpersons,â is preferred for plural uses in most cases.
pom-pom/pompon
âPom-pomâ is a rapidly firing weapon. A cheerleaderâs prop is a âpompon.â
premier/premiere
âPremierâ is first in status or importance, chief, or a prime minister or chief executive. âPremiereâ is a first performance.
presently/currently
Many writers use these terms as if they were synonymous. But âpresentlyâ means âin a little whileâ or âsoon.â âCurrentlyâ means now. In most cases, you can do just fine without using âcurrently.â For example, âwe are currently revising the planâ works better when simply stated, âwe are revising the plan.â
pretense/pretext
âPretenseâ is a false show or unsupported claim to some distinction or accomplishment. âPretextâ is a false reason or motive put forth to hide the real one, an excuse or a cover-up.
principal/principle
âPrincipalâ as a noun is a chief person or thing; as an adjective, it means first in importance. âPrincipleâ is a noun meaning a fundamental precept or law, a guiding rule or code of conduct, or a method of operation.
rebut/refute
To ârebutâ is to argue to the contrary. To ârefuteâ is to win the argument. For example, a sound rebuttal may refute some sloppy logic.
regardless
âRegardlessâ is a word. âIrregardlessâ is not a word.
regime/regimen/regiment
Use âregimeâ to denote a ruling government, a prevailing order, or a period of time during which such a government or order enjoys dominance. Use âregimenâ to describe a system of dieting, exercising or therapy. Use âregimentâ to refer to a military unit.
resume/résumé
Use âresume.â You donât need the diacritical marks.
RSVP
An initialism from the French ârĂ©pondez sâil vous plaĂźtâ that means âplease respond.â Spell in all caps without punctuation. âRSVPâ is a verb phrase, so donât use it as a noun synonymous with âinvitationâ or âresponseâ (such as âsend in your RSVPâ). At the same time, because it already contains an equivalent to âplease,â you should never write âplease RSVP.â
shall/will
âShallâ is used for the first-person future tense and expresses the speakerâs belief regarding his or her future action or state. If âwillâ is used for first-person future, it expresses his or her determination or consent. At other times, âwillâ is used for the second- and third-person future tense.
student body
Our students donât compose a single corpus. Use âstudent,â âstudentsâ or âstudent populationâ instead.
T-shirt
The âT-shirtâ gets its name from its resemblance to the capital âT,â not its lowercase counterpart. Do not spell out âTâ as âtee.â
Right:Â The benefits package includes a T-shirt and a water bottle.
Wrong:Â The benefits package includes a t-shirt and a water bottle.
Wrong:Â The Alumni Association produced a marvelous tee.
that/which
See That/Which.
theater/theatre
The preferred spelling in the United States is âtheaterâ unless the British spelling is part of a proper name, as in âThe Fox Theatreâ or âAlliance Theatre.â
toward/towards
âTowardâ is correct. âTowardsâ is not.
unique
Commonly overused, this word means one of a kind, without equal. âUniqueâ should never be modified by âtruly,â âratherâ or âvery.â Either something is unique, or it isnât.
use/utilize
Use âuse.â âUtilizeâ is the awkward verb form of the obsolete adjective âutile.â Why bother?
who/whom
See Who/Whom.
-wise
Do not use this suffix to coin words such as âweatherwise.â
Xerox/photocopy
A trademark for a brand of photocopy machine should never be used as a common noun or verb.
This is just a small sampling to get you thinking. When in doubt, consult a Websterâs New World College Dictionary.
accommodate | embarrass | memento | |
acknowledgment | exhilarate | nickel | |
aesthetics (not esthetics) | foreword | occurred | |
antiquated | harass | occurrence | |
catalog (not catalogue) | hors dâoeuvres | parallel | |
commitment | inadvertent | perseverance | |
conscience | indispensable | prerogative | |
consensus | inoculate | privilege | |
counselor | insistent | proceed | |
deductible | irresistible | sponsor | |
dissension | judgment | tyrannous | |
drunkenness | knowledgeable | vacuum | |
ecstasy | liaison | vilify |
Some non-English words and abbreviations have been accepted universally into the English language: bon voyage, versus (vs.), ad nauseam and so on. They may be used without explanation if they are clear in the context.
Many non-English words and their abbreviations are not understood universally although they may be used in special applications, such as medical or legal terminology. If such a word or phrase is needed in a story, place it in quotation marks and provide an explanation: âad astra per aspera,â a Latin phrase meaning âto the stars through difficulty.â
Proofreaderâs Marks
A more accessible and higher resolution version of this table is available in the Writerâs Style Guide PDF.